"The Gutenberg Press | 1450 AD"

What is Johannes Gutenberg credited with?
Created the technology with movable text.

Post a photo of the Gutenberg Press.


How did the printing press work?
Ink was rolled over the raised surface of moveable block letter that were held with a wooden form.

What motivated Gutenberg to find a better way of creating books?
After having to move from his home.

Why did Gutenberg experiment with metal type versus wood type?


Wood was not durable enough for what he wanted.

Post an example of movable type in a type case.


What is moveable type?
Is the system of printing that has moveable components

What is a matrix?
An impression made by an indent caused from a object hitting it.

What ink did Gutenberg develop that he used specifically for the printing press?
An Oil-based ink.

What is paper made from? Where did paper originate?
Substrate made from wood pulp, it was created in 105AD by the chinese.


What is a "substrate"?
Generally defined as the base material.


Who did Gutenberg seek to help with the invention of the press? 



John Fust to fund his invention.


Close to the end of the 5 years, what happened? 
Fust would get the press, tool, and materials if he couldn't pay him back.

What was the first book he printed?Post an example of this book.
He first printed the bible.

How did the Gutenberg Press impact communication?
Perfected script, easier to read, quicker production of books, and current information can be shared locally and world wide.

Who introduced the printing press to England?
William Caxton was the first.

What was the early form of newspapers?
Trade newsletters began to develop.

When was the first news weekly published? What was it called?
In 1814 The Times was created was the first new weekly.

What kind of press was built in the US in the mid 1800s?





A steam powered rotary press was invented.


Post an example of a 1930s printing press.

By the late 1930s, presses had increased in efficiency and were capable of 2,500 to 3,500 impressions per hour. What is meant by "impression"?
Impression is each letter that is made.


Which printing process is the Gutenberg press an example of? Briefly describe the process?

Relief Printing, movable type was placed into the press, than ink is spread onto the type. The press then applies direct pressure to transfer the ink to the paper.

Post an example of an intaglio press.


What is intaglio printing and how is ink transferred?
Is a image area that is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink, the ink is transferred by placing a damp paper on top and the press applying pressure to transfer the ink.

Post an example of a screen (porous) printing press.


What is porous printing and how is ink transferred?

Screen printing, a heavy lay down of ink is placed so the colors can be obtained making it suitable for whatever is needed.

Post an example of a lithography printing press.


What is lithography and how is ink transferred?

Printing from a flat surface, the ink is spread on top and the greasy parts accept the ink while the wet parts do not.

Post an example of a offset lithography printing press.


What variation of lithography is used by the commercial printing industry today?
Offset Lithography is used today by commercial printing.

How do printing presses used today compare to the Gutenberg Press?
They still use movable type.

Describe four-color process printing using CMYK?

Cyan, Magenta,Yellow,and black is all the different ranges of colors that can be used.

"The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD"

Post an example of a scroll.
What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
Allowed for sequential order only.

Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?A covered & bound collection of hand written pages.


"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
It's compactness sturdiness & ease of reference.


What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
In sequential you have to read it in a certain order, in random you can go to any point and find information.


What were the advantages of using the codex?
Easier to organize in libraries and more portable


What helped spread the use of the codex?
The rise of Christianity


What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
It was replaced with parchment paper, it was made from substrate from animal skin; hair was removed, the skin was smoothed out, the hide was soaked, calcium, iron, and salt were added, than the skin was stretched, flattened and finally dried.


What is vellum?
Fine qualities of parchment that was made from the skins of young calves.


Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?Digital booksiPad
Kindle
Nook
Adobe
Microsoft
Video Games


What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
The decline of the Roman Empire

Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.


Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Monastic monks






What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
Norders, illustrations, and ornamentation added to each page of text. Initials of chapters, pictures on the side of a page.



What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
Natura quill pens


Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
They took so long to made.


What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
Practicing a craft with great skill, it is what can make things beautiful and last so long.

"The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC"

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
One sign represents one spoken sound.


Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?
The letters were angular and straight, made with a stylus.


What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?
Easy to learn and use, trading spread the use of the alphabet.


What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?
The simplicity was able to be used in multiple languages, common people were able to learn it. 



Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

"Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians | 3,000 BC"

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt?
 Persians,Greeks, and the Romans

Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.


What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
Carved and painted images on every wall and surface.



Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
Sumerian concept of expressing words in writing.


What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
Logograms represent ideas or objects. Alphabetic is used for document or writing.


The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
Hiero meaning sacred, and glyphic meaning engraving.


What is a scribe? 
Priests who worked in temples


Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
Students to read and write. Military leaders so they could communicate while in battle.



Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.



What is papyrus and how was it made?Substrate made from reeds native to Egypt.
They are flattened and dried, then rubbed with stones until they were flat.


What is a substrate?It is a stone of some sort.


What were the Books of the Dead?Books that had instructions & spells to help the dead find their way to the afterlife.


How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
After Persian ruled Egypt there were few people who could read or write hieroglyphics.






Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.

What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
A slab of stone with inscriptions on it, it was found in Rosetta.


What three languages are included on the stone?
Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Greek.


Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
A chunk of the stone was missing.

Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
A French scholar named Jean Francois Champollion, he was able to made the hieroglyphics with a Greek version of the Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses.

Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?
A great deal was able to be learned about Egyptian Hieroglyphics and Ancient Egyptians.

Assignment #14 Research and Inspiration

-SPD (organization) Society of Publication Designers
-Promotes and encourages excellence in editorial design. Educating and enlighten public about importance of magazines and online publications.
-Magazine cover design
  -Help w/ your design
  -"Need help?"
  -Maybe doing a person on a computer and he/she is having problems.
    -Crumpled up pieces of paper in trash can
    -

Visual Organization

  Not directing the audience's is misdirection them.
Eye Movement
-The typical eye moves left to right and top to bottom.
-Controlling eye movement within a composition is a matter of directing the natural scanning tendency of the viewer's eye.
-The eye tends gravitate towards areas of complexity first. In pictures of people, the eye is always attracted to the face and particularly the eye.
- Light areas of a composition will attract the eye, especially when adjacent to the dark area.
-Diagonal lines or edges will guide eye movement.

Optical Center
-The spot where the human eye tends to enter the page. Optical center is slightly above mathematical (or exact) center and just to the left.
- It takes a compelling element to pull your eyes away from this spot.


 Z Pattern
-Our visual pattern makes a sweep of the page, generally, in the shape of a "Z".
-Effective page design maps a viewer's route through the information. The designer's objective is to lead the viewer's eye to the important elements or information.


Fonts
-No more than 2 fonts
-Avoid all caps
 -Headlines are okay
-Chose the right font
 -Chose accordingly to what you are doing
-Do not overuse fancy or complicated fonts

Visual Hierarchy
It will establish focal points based on their importance to the message that's being communicated.

-A crucial part of the design process is to establish an order or elements, a visual structure, to help the viewer absorb the information provided by a design

Questions to ask
What do I want my viewer to look at:
1.first
2.second
3.third

The Grid
-A way of organizing content on a page, using any combination of margins, guide lines, rows, and columns.
-Instituted by Modernism
-Can assist the audience by breaking info into manageable chinks and est. relationships between text and images
-A grid consists of a distinct set of alignment-based relationships that act as guides for distributing elements across a format
-Every design is different; therefore every design will require a different grid structure, one that addresses for the particular elements within the design
-A grid is used to help clarify the message being communicated and to unity the elements

"Cuneiform and the Sumerians | 3,000 BC"

"Cuneiform and the Sumerians | 3,000 BC"

The Sumerians were one of the earliest types of this kind of civilization? What does that mean?
They were a nomadic civilization which means they migrated from place to place.

Why is the region of Sumer considered the Cradle of Civilization?
It is where Cuneiform was created, the worlds first written language.

What could the Sumerians practice year round because of the regions climate?
They could practice year long agriculture.

Post an example of early Cuneiform (Sumerian pictograph).

Why was Cuneiform created?To keep up with business transactions.

What medium was used to "write" Cuneiform? Explain the process of preparing and writing on this surface?
Clay tablets were chosen to write on, they would: wet the clay, form it into a flat surface, then use wedge shaped stylus to make impressions on the surface, and let them dry in the sun.

What did Cuneiform begin as a series of? 
Pictographs

Post an example of evolved Cuneiform (wedge-shaped).

After it evolved over time, what shape did the characters of Cuneiform evolve into?
Wedge shaped letters.
Post an example of Akkadian Cuneiform.

After the Akkadians conquered, what happened to the Sumerian culture and written language?
They adopted the Sumerian culture.

What is a pictograph?
A pictorial or visual representation of an object.

Why did the creation of Cuneiform allow the Sumerians to become a sophisticated culture?

The new form of communication allowed them to keep track of everything that happened.

Cave Paintings | 35,000 years ago

Cave Paintings

What are cave paintings?
Beautiful, detailed and colorful representations found on cave walls & ceilings.

Name several common themes found in cave paintings?
Large animals, bison, horses, deer, abstract designs, and human hands

How were these paintings created (tools, pigments)?
Water, plant juice, animal blood, soil, charcoal, hematite, sticks, small stones, leaves, and animal hair.

What is the most famous cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?
Lascaux is the most famous site, discovered in 1940 by 4 teenage boys.

Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.

Why did this cave have to be closed? What was done to satisfy public curiosity?
The paintings were being damaged by carbon dioxide, they created the Lascaux II 

Post an example of cave painting(s) from Altamira cave.

In Altamira cave, why do most of the paintings have a red hue?
It is caused by the red clay in the soil used to make the paintings.

Who discovered this site? How old are the paintings confirmed to be?
It was discovered by Marceline Sanz De Sautuola and his daughter Maria. They were made almost 19,000 years ago.

What is the oldest known cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?
Chauvet-Point Arc, discovered in 1994 by 3 speleologists.

Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.

What was different about the painting techniques at this site?
They were scraped clear of debris and had a 3D effect.

What is "speleology"?
It is the study of caves and other karst features.

What three reasons do archeologists and historians believe prehistoric man created cave paintings?

1. To tell a story or event that happened

2. A instructional guide to help on hunting

3. Created for magical or religious reasons

Assignment #13 Research & Inspiration

                                                                         Research
 
Surrealism: An art movement in the 1920's about dream-like ideas.
Exquisite Corpse: a collection of words or images is collectively assembled

                                                                        Brainstorming


Examples

This picture of surrealism is a really cool piece to me. The squid on top of a robots head and what looks the both of them are truing to get the red ball from the air.

This exquisite corpse was funny and very well done. Its this tall, creepy man with half a suit holding a hammer , has some huge shoes, and has a speedo of some sort that says "Hammer Time!".